The War Between Iran and Iraq

The dividing line amidst the devil sects overlapped the borders of Persia (Iran) and Mesopotamia (Iraq). The first major battle between the Persians and the Arabs took place in 639. Apart from the ethnic tout ensembley distinct Kurds in its north, Persia was basically homogenous, tho by 1980, Shias accounted for fifty four percent of the population of Iraq. al nearly of the holiest Shia shrines are located in Iraq.

Competition and rivalry between the Ottoman Turks which ruled Mesopotamia from 1517 until the end of the First World contend and the Safavid empire in Persia (15011722) were fueled by sectarian enmity and recurring disputes over the disputed boundary between the two empires, especially control over the Shatt alArab waterway which runs from the profound border area down to the Persian (or Arabian) Gulf. Major warfares occurred along the border in the 1600's and in the 19th light speed.

Through the incumbrance of Britain and Russia, two treaties were imposed on the disputants in the 19th century and by the British in 1937 to define navigational rights on the Shatt alArab and to settle territorial reserve claims to its banks, but the demarcation lines and juristic rights of the two countries still remain unsettled. In the early 1970's, the Shah of Iran gave whole aid to a Kurdish rebellion in Federal Iraq and reasserted Iran's claim to control the Shatt alArab. In 1975 in Algiers, Saddam Hussein on behalf of Iraq made territorial conc

From the middle of 1982 and until Iraq's succeederful umbrage in the Fao peninsula in the South in the spring of 1988, Iraq's ground forces was on the defensive and grudgingly gave ground on all fronts. Iran pursued a war of attrition, using its increasingly large ground forces to push the Iraqis back. Successive Iranian offensives enjoyed limited success overall. The Iranian army, and especially the Revolutionary Guards, paid a high school price in terms of casualties and equipment for their human wave attacks. The Iraqis embossed a very(prenominal) large army, 500,000, with a population wiz third the size of Iran's. The Iraqi army improved its simulated military operation and leadership.

According to the Economist, Iraq evolved after 1984 "a defence that combined mould fortifications with quick response and aggressive combat by mail and infantry, all backed by coordinated artillery bombardments" ("Lessons From the war with Iran" 36; Segal 947). Iraq made effective use of cluster bombs and chemical substance weapons (mustard ordnance, phosgenes and nerve gas) which were used with deadly effect on a major battlefield for the first time since World contend I. In one day in 1988, Iraq by gas killed 5,000 of its own people, mostly Kurds, in the Iraqi village of Halabia during an Iranian offensive.

On September 22, 1980, Iraqi jets staged a preventative assault on ten Iranian air bases. shortly thereafter, its army invaded Iran at eight different points. In this initial phase of the war which lasted until March, 1981, Iraqi forces initial phase of the war which lasted until March, 1981, Iraqi forces made significant penetrations into Iran, especially in anointrich Khuzistan and threatened to take Abadan, the site of a very large oil refinery. Caught by surprise, the Iranians retreated on most fronts; however, the Iranian navy imposed a naval prevent on the Shatt alArab and its air force gave a trusty account of itself, forcing Iraq to base most of its air force for a time in neighboring Arab countries. The oil war began with devas
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Thailand's Educational System

The King himself had mastered position and Latin.

Mongkut's son, King Chulalongkorn (1868-1910) continued in Mongkut's steps, and realizing the need for crack apt personnel for royal and government services, opened a prep are in the castling. An English School was formal in the Palace to prepare princes and court children for further studies abroad. Schools were also founded outside the rook for the children of commoners and government textbooks were printed for use in Bangkok and, at a later period, in the provinces.

In 1887, an official subdivision of study was formed and given responsibility of direction and religious personal matters of the entire country. Until 1982, the Department was still a function of the kingly Court. When it became a full-fledged Ministry in 1982 new approaches were employed, placing more emphasis on popular education. Thus government primary schools were established throughout the kingdom so that literacy, good citizenship and a better standard of living for the people could be achieved (Sudaprasert, 1973).

The early twentieth Century witnessed many developments in education in Thailand (Sudaprasert, 1973). In 1910 the first university in Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, was founded with four faculties namely, Medicine, Law and Political Science, Engineering, and humanistic discipline and Science.

The extent of responsibilities and the regulations pertaining to the participation of the private sector in matter education were laid down fo

As part of the growing urbanization of Thailand and its move from a rural to a manufacturing society, the educational system is changing to service meet the labor needs of the country, and, therefore, there has been a enormous deal of emphasis on vocational education and training, which are supervised by two separate government organizations -- the Department of Vocational Education and the Institute of Technology and Vocational Education.

peerless recent alliance between a foreign try and a bastion of traditional learning has been the joint corroboration venture between Computer Associates (USA) and Thailand's Chulalongkorn University and King Mongkut's Institute Of Technology.

The US company and the two Thai Universities are creating an Enterprise attention Curricula Computer Associates International.

Kampe, great deal. 1997. "Introduction: Indigenous Peoples of Southeast Asia," in schooling or Domestication? Indigenous Peoples of Southeast Asia. Don McCaskill and Ken Kampe, eds. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books. Pp. 1-25.

Kanoksak, K. (1984). "Les transformations struturelles et les conflits de classes dans la sociTtT rurale thanandaise d'aprFs l'Ttude d'un cas: la FTdTration de la Paysannerie Thanlandaise (Farmer Federation of Thailand--FFT) (1973-1976)," ThFse pur le Doctorat de 3Fm Cycle prTsentTe a l'UniversitT Paris.

* Thailand's education must take into explanation needs of rural communities, which should have more power to serve local education;

The Buddhist monks who wish to continue their education can attend one of the two Buddhist-run universities, the most main(prenominal) being Maha Chulalongkorn University, established with the approval of the Ecclesiastical Elders' Council and budgetary foul from the Department of Religious Affairs, Ministry of Education.

Sukhabanij, K. (1976). "The Free-Man Status: Describing the Freeman-Patron Relationship in Siam with economic and Cultural Implication During 1341-1905 A.D.," trans. by Chatpridi Chattrab
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Kenya's Political Environment

7 Years later, it was larn that the assassin had been paid by another of the contenders to replace Kenyatta, Charles Njonjo, at that time, Kenya's Attorney General.8

In the early1980s, discontent over the adduce of the economy, together with charges of governmental corruption, led to an abortive coup assay by the country's air force.9 The government quickly crushed the move coup. While it lasted, however, students at the university in Nairobi "erupted in a spontaneous burst of comport for the air force . . . and the poorest pile of Nairobi took to the streets and looted . . and they turned their special anger on the shops owned by Kenyan Asians . . . ."10

The resentment against the country's Asians is but a small part of the ethnic problems which exist within Kenya. tribalism is strong in Kenya,11 and it is at the root of such(prenominal) of the political disharmony which exists.12

Ethnicity, tribalism, and regionalism are closely related in Kenya, because the ethnic groups, or tribes, continue to be largely grueling in those areas of the country in which they originated. There are quintuplet major African ethnic groups represented in the Kenyan populationKikuyu (21 percent of the population), Luhya (14 percent),

Wilber, C. K., (Ed.). The semipolitical Economy of Development and Underdevelopment, 2nd ed. New York: Random House, 1976.

17G. Kitching, sort out and Economic Change in Kenya (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1980), 25.

Luo (13 percent), Kamba (11 percent), and Kelenjin (11 percent).

Sorrenson, M. P. K. Origins of European resolving in Kenya. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.

The Kikuyu people of Kenya did not live in villages. Rather, they lived in dispersed households. Thus, the early subsistence agriculture in Kenya tended to be highly individualized, and use of its output was restricted to the producing family. This system was state to almost immediate change with the arrival of the Europeans. The Europeans were not benignant to the agricultural objectives of the Kenyan peoples.15 Rather, agriculture began to be structured to support European objectives.

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Culture of Colombia - traditional, history, people

Spanish is the official spoken language of the country (Kline), and while Roman Catholicism is (no longer) the official piety of the country, 95% of the people identify as Catholics.

Climate. Colombia is tropical, Andean, and equatorial (Kline), just now not particularly seasonal (Embassy). The equator crosses Colombia to divide its southern fifth part from the rest of the country. The Andes Mountains run north to south across about of the western third of the country; however, in the north, where the land meets the Caribbean, the mounds regress to a relatively temperate savanna, and to state of ward the west, "a much narrower lowland apron extends along the Pacific shoreline" (Kline). Tectonic convergence of mountain and plains topography is believed to account for the relatively high incidence of geologic drill; Colombia hosts active volcanoes and is the site of not infrequent earthquakes (Kline).

Industry. Colombia has significant untaught capacity. historicly, it has been noteworthy for coffee, banana, and flower exports, and Colombia's rain forests make it richly biodiverse. There is excessively an abundance of natural resources: coal, oil, natural gas, as well as precious metals (gold, silver, platinum). Colombia leads the world as a source of emeralds (Embassy). However, from a geo policy-making standpoint, Colombia is not considered a fully industrialized political economy. The reasons for that, which have to do with culture, politics, imposts, and hard physical realities, have implica

Ministerio de la Relaciones Exteriores de la Republica de Colombia. Embassy of Colombia, Washington, D.C. 9 marvelous 2003. .

LeGrand, Catherine. "Agrarian Antecedents of the Violence." Violence in Colombia: The Contemporary Crisis in Historical Perspective. Ed. Charles Bergquist, Ricardo Penaranda, and Gonzalo Sanchez. Wilmington, Delaware: SR Books, 1992. 31-50.

Drug traffickers have reportedly clear-cut rainforest to make room for landing strips and coca plant fields (Kratz 15). This limits abject farmers' options, and the environmental damage has implications for health care.

Pursuant to the so-called war on drugs, the politics routinely sprays toxic herbicides on coca fields, but such sprays also adversely affect otherwise crops, as well as human water supplies and oxygenate quality, which affects the quality of life or human and animal species. "Rashes, intent eyes, vomiting, and headaches" have been attributed to the spraying (Kratz 16).

In recent years local anesthetic control of health care has been suppressed by Colombia's government, which appears to be moving toward a capital-intensive, corporatist infrastructure of care. Restrepo and Valencia cite the case of Versalles, a small town in western Colombia, where in 1994 a local doctor and priest organized a corporation health cooperative under the State Social first step (ESS) program. But after eight years of success in improving health and suppressing violence in Versalles, the Colombian government changed the rules for government support, disbanding the local-control program in order to fund embodied health-care development.

The health-care implications of this set of affairs begin with the fact that Colombia's wealthier classes have nominate access to optimal health care. Poor people in both urban and rural locations must rely on government-sponsored social welfare programs (Restrepo and Valencia 272). There is also a tradition of folk medicine among the indigenous peoples of Colomb
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THE MIDDLE EAST IN CRISIS

The first is evidently non going to happen, as Israel remains adamantly opposed. However, the second tycoon just be in the cards - if Arafat could be confident(p) to pursue that option.

So far, however, according to leading scholar Fouad Ajami, "'Arafat has not told his people, "'"I bring you peace but the dreaming of nirvana is gone." [Instead], he [has] preferred the language of heroic resistance to a painful compromise'" (Zakaria 2001 2). Indeed, much more recently - in fact, just last March - Arafat declared, with reference to the much-disputed control of Israel's capital, "'Our people depart continue the uprising until we raise the Palestinian flag on every minaret and church in Jerusalem'" (Wilkinson, 2001, p. A4).

Arafat also accused Israel of initiation a one-hundred-day military offensive against Palestinian forces. Though Arafat's obstreperous remarks came in the wake of Israeli air strikes that reduced to debris the headquarters of his elite security forces in Ramallah on the westward Bank, they once again highlighted the intractability of the dispute. Indeed, Israeli Prime government minister Ariel Sharon countered, not with a denial, but with the declaration that the strikes were the opening shots of a "'protracted campaign against terrorism'" (Wilkinson 2001 A4).

Meanwhile, Israel evidently continues to fear that "the Palestinians do not hateful what they say" when they claim - or at least

In response, the administration appears to be softening its leave-them-alone approach. In May, 2001, Secretary of State Colin Powell declared that Israel's campaign of military huskiness wasn't working and that negotiations should be moved to the crystalise of the agenda (Kempster 2001 A4). before long afterward, Powell met with a top Arafat deputy, Mahmoud Abbas. "It was the first time a top Bush administration official [had] welcomed a major Palestinian figure to Washington" (Kempster, 2001, p. A4). Much more recently, there has been restate talk in Washington of a meeting - possibly at the White House, possibly at the United Nations - amid the President and Arafat.

Zakaria, Fareed. (2001).

The Middle East after Arafat: the Palestinian loss leader cannot bring peace - what can be done without him? Newsweek, Apr. 9: 2.

Muddying the waters further since the start of 2001 has been the U.S. government's dramatic constitution mouse - from former President Clinton's almost grandfatherly approach of continuous hand-holding to the policy of the new administration of George W. Bush, which has been perceived as "hands off." Arab and Palestinian leadership, in particular, have bugger off increasingly alarmed by the new approach. In particular, more recently they have become convinced "that Israel will never sit down to weighty negotiations without U.S. persuasion" (Slackman, 2001, p. A4). (In fact, as many commentators noted, the prevailing belief among Arab leaders that Israel and the U.S. are, in effect, joined at the hip, may have helped burn the terrorist attacks upon the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.)

when they did claim four years ago - that they are (or were) willing to accept life in a so-called mini-state in Gaza in place of their furnish from the diaspora. In other words, they would give up the big dream in place of the little dream (Halkin, 1999, p. 17). In addition, in light of more recent stat
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From Vietnam with Love: Alden Pyle

Good intentions coupled with naiveness & lack of understanding of Vietnamese culture and history, lead to disaster.

forcefulness against Asian/Vietnamese civilian population acceptable as a means to an end.

Lack of respect for Third conception nations.

Implicit negative criticism of U.S. policies & use of U.S. power abroad.

arriver of the young, preppy "quiet" American Alden Pyle in 1952 Saigon sets central conflict into motion.

Pyle's undetermined role as a humanitarian worker revealed to be a cover for his covert role t

1. Pyle's remark that the bystanders "died in the right cause?

for majority rule" reveals his destructive way of viewing the situation in Vietnam.

Phuong as a symbol of Vietnam, the West (U.S., Great Britain, France) believing they screw what is best for the East (Vietnam), without considering the right to self-determination.

Pyle's uncompromising belief in a "third force," that leads him to sacrifice people for ideology.

Phuong, the beautiful, young jump hall girl/quasi prostitute who has affairs with Fowler and Pyle.

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Disparity in the Financial Value of Teams

Nevertheless, as Bloom (2) has pointed out, these changes did non bring about a true competitive labyrinthine sense to baseball. While the better performing clubs have continued to open increasingly large portions of their revenues to the small revenue producing clubs, the more booming certifications are able to pay the multimillion dollar bonuses and salaries to the top score of players. This faintly places the smaller revenue clubs at a translucent disadvantage. While baseball players may have longer careers than athletes in football, they are all cognizant of the fact that their careers have a limited lifespan. Consequently, the best players are less concerned with group loyalty than with obtaining high salaries. It is extremely unlikely that this attitude forget change or that the most successful franchises or their owners entrust be interested in a salary summit that might have the impact of reducing revenues.

The MLB model tends to oppose between the tiers of athletes and the franchises based on the former's appeal to fans and the latter's capacity for generating topical anesthetic revenues ("CBA: The MLB Model" 2). It does not appear likely at this juncture that either the athletes or the larger and more successful franchise owners will be willing to renegotiate the deal that runs with 2011.

Question 2.

form of address IX, the 1972 law mandating equality in acrobatic opportunities, facilities, and co

www.andrewsstarspage.com/cba/12/28cba.htm. Accessed online

.cfm. Accessed online declination 11, 2009.

Accessed online December 11, 2009.

Anonymous. "CBA: The MLB Model." 28 Dec 2003. Available at

Bloom, Barry M. "MLB, Union predict New Labor Deal." 25 Oct

It is the specific purpose of Title IX to eliminate discrimination against women's sports teams and retaliation against staff members that take down and attempt to rectify Title IX problems (AAUW 1). This is a clear case of discrimination.

AAUW. "Title IX upshot Law." 2009. Available at www.aauw

Field Opens After Landmark Title IX Case Settlement."

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